Strings
Violin
G3 โ A6
โ A6โE7: Above safe orchestral ceiling (A6)
Viola
C3 โ D6
Clefs: alto, treble
Cello
C2 โ E5
Clefs: bass, tenor, treble
Contrabass
Sounds 8ve lower
E2 โ G4
Clefs: bass, tenor
Woodwinds
Piccolo
Sounds 8ve higher
D4 โ C7
Flute
C4 โ C7
โ C4โC5: Weak/breathy; accompaniment must be light
โ C#7โD7: Shrill; avoid at soft dynamics
Alto Flute
Sounds P4 lower
C4 โ C7
Oboe
Bb3 โ F6
โ Bb3โD4: Thick/coarse; difficult to play softly
โF#6โA6: Impractical for orchestral use
English Horn
Sounds P5 lower
B3 โ C6
โ C#6โG6: Loses characteristic color
Eโญ Clarinet
Sounds m3 higher
E3 โ C7
Clarinet in Bโญ
Sounds M2 lower
E3 โ C6
โ G4โBb4: Throat register โ neutral, weak tone
โ C#6โG6: Shrill; intonation difficult
Clarinet in A
Sounds m3 lower
E3 โ C6
Bass Clarinet
Sounds M9 lower
C3 โ G6
Bassoon
Bb1 โ Bb4
Clefs: bass, tenor
โ Bb1โBb2: Difficult to play pianissimo
โ B4โEb5: Pinched, complaining quality
Contrabassoon
Sounds 8ve lower
Bb1 โ Eb4
Brass
Trumpet in C
E3 โ Bb5
โ E3โG3: Lower register awkward for fast passages
Trumpet in Bโญ
Sounds M2 lower
E3 โ Bb5
โ E3โG3: Lower register awkward for fast passages
French Horn in F
Sounds P5 lower
B2 โ F5
Clefs: treble, bass
Tenor Trombone
E2 โ Bb4
Clefs: bass, tenor
Bass Trombone
Bb1 โ Bb4
Cimbasso
F1 โ F4
Tuba
D1 โ F4
Percussion
Timpani
D2 โ C4
Xylophone
Sounds 8ve higher
F4 โ C8
Glockenspiel
Sounds 2 8ve higher
G3 โ C6
Vibraphone
F3 โ F6
Marimba
C2 โ C7
Clefs: treble, bass
Tubular Bells
C4 โ F5
Celesta
Sounds 8ve higher
C4 โ C8
Clefs: treble, bass
Other
Harp
B0 โ F7
Clefs: treble, bass
Piano
A0 โ C8
Clefs: treble, bass